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These page are for health professionals engaged in Fetal & Neonatal Cardiac & Obstetric Ultrasound.
Information should not be taken out of context or used for other purposes

Examination of the fetal heart: making a diagnosis and avoiding pitfalls

Ultrasound Journal, May 2007, Vol. 15, No. 2, 62-67

This article is reproduced with kind permission of the BMUS Ultrasound publishers, www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney


References

1          Gardiner HM.  Antenatal detection of heart defects is important and achievable.  Ultrasound 2005;13(3):164-169

2          Shipp TD, Bromley B, Hornberger LK, Nadel A, Benacerraf BR.  Levorotation of the fetal cardiac axis: a clue for the presence of congenital heart disease.  Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995;85(1):97-102

3          Webber S. “Atrial Isomerism” Chapter 30 in “Paediatric Cardiology” (2nd Edition). Anderson RH, Baker EJ, Macartney FJ, Rigby ML, Shinebourne EA, Tynan M Eds.  (Churchill Livingstone, London) 2002.

4          Chaoui R. The four-chamber view: four reasons why it seems to fail in screening for cardiac abnormalities and suggestions to improve detection rate.  Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(1):3-10.

5          Ho SY, Rigby ML and Anderson RH.  Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease Made Simple. London, Imperial College Press, 2005; ISBN 1-86094-124-9

6          Wimalasundera RC and Gardiner HM. Congenital Heart disease and Aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn 2004; 24: 1116–1122

7          Kaski J P, Wolfenden J, Josen M, Daubeney P E F, Shinebourne E A.  Can atrioventricular septal defects exist with intact septal structures?  Heart 2006;92:832–835.

8          Pasquini L, Fichera A, Tan T, Ho SY, Gardiner H.  Left superior caval vein: a powerful indicator of fetal coarctation. Heart 2005;91 539-540

9          Chaoui R, Heling KS, Sarioglu N, Schwabe M, Dankof A, Bollmann R.  Aberrant right subclavian artery as a new cardiac sign in second- and third-trimester fetuses with Down’s syndrome.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 ;192(1):257-63.

10        Berg C, Bender F, Soukup M, Geipel A, Axt-Fliedner R, Breuer J, Herberg U, Gembruch U. Right aortic arch detected in fetal life. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006 ;28(7): 882-9


Abbreviations and Glossary

ASD,  atrial septal defect

AVSD,  atrioventricular septal defect

atresia,  closed or missing (valve)

CCAM,  Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

CHD,  Congenital Heart Disease

CoA,  Coarctation of the Aorta

echogenicity / echogenic, "bright" parts of an image

perimembranous VSD,  a defect in the perimembranous septum (rather than just in the muscle)

sagittal,  longitudinal views of the fetus give sagittal and parasagittal views of the fetal heart 

stenosis, narrowing or narrowed (valve)

stridor,  "noisy" breathing

ToF, Tetralogy of Fallot

TGA,  Transposition of the Great Arteries

VSD,  ventricular septal defect

For more abbreviations & terms, see: fetal heart conditions | fetal heart sketch

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Introduction & Cardiac Position | Four Chambers & Septal Defects | Great Arteries & Arch Abnormalities | Figures | References & Glossary || heart conditions | heart sketch


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